Heavy Water Facts

Heavy Water Facts Heavy water is deuterium monoxide or water in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms is a deuterium atom. Deuterium monoxide has the symbol D2O or 2H2O. It is sometimes referred to simply as deuterium oxide. Here are facts about heavy water, including its chemical and physical properties. Heavy Water Facts and Properties CAS number 7789-20-0 molecular formula 2H2O molar mass 20.0276 g/mol exact mass 20.023118178 g/mol appearance pale blue transparent liquid odor odorless density 1.107 gm/cm3 melting point 3.8C boiling point 101.4C molecular weight 20.0276 g/mol vapor pressure 16.4 mm Hg refractive index 1.328 viscosity at 25C 0.001095 Pa s specific heat of fusion 0.3096 kj/g Heavy Water Uses Heavy water is used as a neutron moderator in some nuclear reactors.Deuterium oxide is used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in aqueous solutions involving the study of a hydrogen nuclide.Deuterium oxide is used in organic chemistry to label hydrogen or to follow reactions involving water.Heavy water is often used instead of regular water in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) of proteins.Heavy water-moderated reactors are used to produce another isotope of hydrogen - tritium.Heavy water, made using deuterium and oxygen-18, is to test human and animal metabolic rates via the doubly labeled water test.Heavy water has been used in a neutrino detector. Radioactive Heavy Water? Many people assume heavy water is radioactive because it uses a heavier isotope of hydrogen, is used to moderate nuclear reactions, and is used in reactors to form tritium (which is radioactive). Pure heavy water is not radioactive. Commercial grade heavy water, much like ordinary tap water and any other natural water, is slightly radioactive because it contains trace amounts of tritiated water. This does not present any sort of radiation risk. Heavy water used as a nuclear power plant coolant contains significantly more tritium because neutron bombardment of the deuterium in heavy water sometimes forms tritium. Is Heavy Water Dangerous To Drink? Although heavy water isnt radioactive, its still not a great idea to drink a large volume of it because the deuterium from the water doesnt act quite the same way as protium (a normal hydrogen isotope) in biochemical reactions. You would not suffer harm from taking a sip of heavy water or drinking a glass of it, but if you only drank heavy water, youd replace enough protium with deuterium to suffer negative health effects. Its estimated you would need to replace 25-50% of the regular water in your body with heavy water to be harmed. In mammals, 25% replacement causes sterility. 50% replacement would kill you. Keep in mind, much of the water in your body comes from the food you eat, not just water you drink. Also, your body naturally contains small amounts of heavy water and every smaller amount of tritiated water. Primary Reference: Wolfram Alpha knowledgebase, 2011.

Profile of the Nuralagus

Profile of the Nuralagus Just how big was Nuralagus? Well, the full name of this megafauna mammal is Nuralagus rexwhich translates, roughly, as Rabbit King of Minorca, and not incidentally makes a sly reference to the much, much bigger Tyrannosaurus rex. The fact is that this prehistoric rabbit weighed over five times as much as any species living today; the single fossil specimen points to an individual of at least 25 pounds. Nuralagus was very different from modern rabbits in other ways besides its enormous size: it was unable to hop, for example, and it seems to have possessed fairly small ears. Name: Nuralagus (Greek for Minorcan hare); pronounced NOOR-ah-LAY-gus Habitat: Island of Minorca Historical Epoch: Pliocene (5-3 million years ago) Size and Weight: About four feet long and 25 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; small ears and eyes Nuralagus is a good example of what paleontologists call insular gigantism: small animals restricted to island habitats, in the absence of any natural predators, have a tendency to evolve to larger-than-usual sizes. (In fact, Nuralagus was so secure in its Minorcan paradise that it actually had smaller-than-usual eyes and ears!) This is distinct from an opposite trend, insular dwarfism, in which large animals confined to small islands tend to evolve to smaller sizes: witness the petite sauropod dinosaur Europasaurus, which only weighed about a ton.